Which paradigm expresses that life can be explained solely by physical, chemical, and electrical forces?

The paradigm that expresses that life can be explained solely by physical, chemical, and electrical forces is Mechanism. This philosophical perspective posits that all phenomena, including biological processes, can be understood through the interactions of matter and energy without the need for any non-physical or vital forces. It views living organisms as complex machines whose behaviors and functions can be reduced to fundamental physical laws and chemical reactions. This concept aligns with the principles of Newtonian physics and the scientific approach that emphasizes quantifiable, observable aspects of reality.

In contrast, Vitalism suggests a life force outside of physical and chemical processes that contributes to life, while Organicism interprets life as a holistic phenomenon that cannot be fully understood by reducing it to its parts. Substance dualism maintains that mind and body are fundamentally different substances, opposing the notion that everything can be explained through physical means alone.